A new hepatitis C vaccine developed by Oxford University scientists has shown promising results in an early clinical trial, generating strong and broad immune responses against the virus causing the disease.
The study was funded by the Medical Research Council and the European Union, with support from the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.
The vaccine was found to be very safe and well tolerated in the 15 healthy human volunteers who took part in the phase 1 safety trial.
A trial to test the efficacy of the vaccine is now underway among intravenous drug users in two sites in the USA. It is the first hepatitis C vaccine to reach this stage of clinical trials.
The aim is to see if the vaccine is able to offer any protection from infection in this group at high risk of hepatitis C compared with placebo.
Principal investigator Professor Ellie Barnes of the Nuffield Department of Medicine at Oxford University, said: “The size and breadth of the immune responses seen in the healthy volunteers are unprecedented in magnitude for a hepatitis C vaccine.”
The Oxford University team, with colleagues from the Italian biotechnology company Okairos (now part of GSK) and Stanford University in the USA, have published their results in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
It is thought that around 180 million people around the world are infected with hepatitis C, with up to 300,000 people estimated to be infected in the UK.
Hepatitis C is a chronic infection where the virus stays in the body for many years. It is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis (untreated, between 10% and 40% of people with hepatitis C will go on to develop liver cirrhosis), and can in some cases lead to liver failure and liver cancer.
However, on first infection, around one in four people are naturally able to clear the virus from their body. This suggests that it is possible for the body to mount an immune response to fight off the infection.
Recently, new drugs have been developed that are effective against a number of strains (or genotypes) of hepatitis C. But they are expensive and require a prolonged course of treatment. Having an effective vaccine as well could make an enormous difference to preventing infection with hepatitis C.
The vaccine strategy developed by the Oxford University team uses two separate vaccine formulations. The approach is designed to first stimulate, or ‘prime’, an initial immune response against the hepatitis C virus with the first vaccine. Then eight weeks later, the second vaccine aims to ‘boost’ the immune response to a level that would offer protection against infection.
In particular, the vaccines are designed to generate a strong T cell immune response against the hepatitis C virus, as it is T cells that are found to be important in those people who are able to naturally clear the virus.
The study found that the T cell responses seen in the volunteers who received the prime-boost vaccine were large, broad and sustained over the 6 months of the study. They were comparable to those seen in people who are naturally able to clear hepatitis C infection, although the level of T cell response needed to prevent infection is not known.
Professor Barnes said: “The T cell response is really high, and what’s promising is that this is a broad response. A range of different T cells are produced targeting different parts of the hepatitis C virus. This is the first highly immunogenic T cell vaccine developed against hepatitis C. We found it to be safe and well tolerated in this group of 15 healthy volunteers. But we won’t really know if it works – if it is able to prevent hepatitis C infection – until we have the results of the efficacy studies in the USA.”
For more information please contact Professor Ellie Barnes on +44 (0)1865 281547 or email ellie.barnes@ndm.ox.ac.uk
Or the University of Oxford news & information office on +44 (0)1865 280530 or news.office@admin.ox.ac.uk
Notes to editors
* The hepatitis C vaccine developed by the Oxford University team uses a prime-boost strategy with two separate vaccine formulations.
The first ‘prime’ vaccine is based on a chimpanzee adenovirus called ChAd3, developed by the Italian biotech company Okairos, to which genes encoding four proteins from hepatitis C genotype 1 are added.
The second ‘boost’ vaccine adds the same four hepatitis C genes to a different viral vaccine base – a modified vaccininia Ankara (MVA) virus.
Neither the adenovirus nor MVA is able to replicate, so they cannot cause an infection. The four genes packaged up inside can’t cause a hepatitis C infection either.
* Adenoviruses affecting humans are common, causing minor ailments like coughs and colds. But people won’t have been exposed to a chimpanzee adenovirus, so won’t have developed antibody responses that could minimise the effect of the vaccine.
* An Ebola vaccine developed by GSK and the NIH is also based on a chimpanzee adenovirus. This vaccine is currently being tested in phase 1 safety trials in Oxford, the USA, Mali and Switzerland with support from the UK Department for International Development, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. The vaccine has a gene for an Ebola virus protein added to the ChAd3 basis for the vaccine.
* A previous phase 1 study in 2012 by the Oxford University team showed that the hepatitis C vaccine using a different prime-boost strategy was able to stimulate a T cell immune response.
The new study was able to achieve much higher T cell responses, paving the way for the first efficacy trial to begin in the USA.
The previous regimen used two different adenovirus-based vaccines in a prime boost strategy. The new chimpanzee adenovirus and MVA combination looks much more potent, says Professor Barnes.
* This study is one of the first to use ‘CyTOF’ technology (a combination of flow cytometry and mass spectrometry) that can look at tens or even hundreds of proteins expressed by T cells, and so infer their function and type.
* The paper ‘A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory’ by Leo Swadling and colleagues is to be published in the journal Science Translational Medicine under an embargo of 19:00 UK time / 14:00 US Eastern Time on Wednesday 5 November 2014.
* The study was funded by Medical Research Council in the UK and the European Union, the Oxford Martin School and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.
* The Medical Research Council has been at the forefront of scientific discovery to improve human health. Founded in 1913 to tackle tuberculosis, the MRC now invests taxpayers’ money in some of the best medical research in the world across every area of health. Twenty-nine MRC-funded researchers have won Nobel prizes in a wide range of disciplines, and MRC scientists have been behind such diverse discoveries as vitamins, the structure of DNA and the link between smoking and cancer, as well as achievements such as pioneering the use of randomised controlled trials, the invention of MRI scanning, and the development of a group of antibodies used in the making of some of the most successful drugs ever developed. Today, MRC-funded scientists tackle some of the greatest health problems facing humanity in the 21st century, from the rising tide of chronic diseases associated with ageing to the threats posed by rapidly mutating micro-organisms. www.mrc.ac.uk
* The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is funded by the Department of Health to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. Since its establishment in April 2006, the NIHR has transformed research in the NHS. It has increased the volume of applied health research for the benefit of patients and the public, driven faster translation of basic science discoveries into tangible benefits for patients and the economy, and developed and supported the people who conduct and contribute to applied health research. The NIHR plays a key role in the Government’s strategy for economic growth, attracting investment by the life-sciences industries through its world-class infrastructure for health research. Together, the NIHR people, programmes, centres of excellence and systems represent the most integrated health research system in the world.
* Oxford University’s Medical Sciences Division is one of the largest biomedical research centres in Europe, with over 2,500 people involved in research and more than 2,800 students. The University is rated the best in the world for medicine, and it is home to the UK’s top-ranked medical school.
From the genetic and molecular basis of disease to the latest advances in neuroscience, Oxford is at the forefront of medical research. It has one of the largest clinical trial portfolios in the UK and great expertise in taking discoveries from the lab into the clinic. Partnerships with the local NHS Trusts enable patients to benefit from close links between medical research and healthcare delivery.
A great strength of Oxford medicine is its long-standing network of clinical research units in Asia and Africa, enabling world-leading research on the most pressing global health challenges such as malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS and flu. Oxford is also renowned for its large-scale studies which examine the role of factors such as smoking, alcohol and diet on cancer, heart disease and other conditions.